some biology questions

For biological questions, here are some sample questions. You need to complete 25 questions within 25 minutes

2021SU Microbiology lecture by J. Park
EXAM 6 Practice Questions: Lec05-1 ~ Lec06-2

1. Describe brief history about “DNA as a genetic material” (scientists and their achievements).
2. Compare and contrast characteristics of DNA, RNA, and proteins.
3. Compare and contrast the regulation of gene expression at DNA-level vs. protein-level.
4. Explain why many genes are not always expressed (or their expressions are regulated).
5. Explain characteristics of DNA-binding proteins and their three major structures.
6. Describe two negative controls and a positive control of transcriptional regulation in Bacteria.
7. Describe in detail the regulation of Lac operon when (1) glucose and lactose are present, (2) glucose
   and lactose are absent, and (3) glucose is absent and lactose is present.
8. Describe a ‘stringent response’ and ‘heat shock response’ in E. coli.
9. Describe or define the followings; the central dogma of molecular biology, replication, transcription,
   translation, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, ribosome, gene expression, housekeeping genes,
   major groove, inverted repeats, operons, regulons, two-component regulatory system, quorum sensing,
   catabolite repression, diauxic growth, alarmones, alternative σ (sigma) factor, molecular chaperones,
   antisense RNA, riboswitches, feedback inhibition, active & allosteric sites, isoenzymes, competitive
   inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, covalent modification.
10. Explain characteristics of molecules at the top (or bottom) of the redox tower.
11. Describe the characteristics ATP. List and explain three major mechanisms of ATP phosphorylations.
12. Compare and contrast “aerobic respiration”, “anaerobic respiration”, and “fermentation”.
13. What is the major purpose of each stage (stage I, II, and III) of glycolysis?
14. How many ATPs are generated when NADH or FADH2 delivers electrons to electron transport system?
15. In some bacteria, ATPase runs reverse to generate pmf (proton motive force) from ATP. Why?
16. Define the followings; exergonic & endergonic reactions, activation energy, catalyst, prosthetic group,
    coenzyme, oxidation & reduction, redox tower, energy-rich compounds, bacteriorhodopsin, catabolism,
    anabolism, metabolism, CAC, TCA cycle, Krebs cycle, pmf, pH and electrochemical gradient,
    uncoupler.

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